Script PT-141

THE LITERATURE

PT-141 references

Every study and document cited across this digest, with identifiers for verification.

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How to read this list

Every numbered citation used across this site is listed below with its journal, year, and a DOI, PMID, or URL for verification. The list spans the foundational pharmacology, the preclinical female and negative-control work, the pivotal Phase 3 trials and their long-term extension, the human brain-imaging study, recent systematic reviews, the FDA prescribing information, and the published critiques. One older male-erectile-dysfunction salvage study (Safarinejad & Hosseini, 2008) received a 2023 Expression of Concern and its findings should be treated as disputed; it is noted here for completeness as part of the historical record rather than as supporting evidence.

  1. Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. ↗
  2. Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. ↗
  3. Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. ↗
  4. Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. ↗
  5. Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. ↗
  6. Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;267:110299. ↗
  7. U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. DailyMed (US FDA structured product label). 2019. ↗
  8. Ronghe V, Pannase K, Gomase KP, Mahakalkar MG. Understanding Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD) in Women: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Cureus. 2023;15(12):e49690. ↗
  9. Hedlund P. PT-141 Palatin. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2004;5(4):456-462. ↗
  10. Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Pfaus JG. The Female Sexual Response: Current Models, Neurobiological Underpinnings and Agents Currently Approved or Under Investigation for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. CNS Drugs. 2015;29(11):915-933. ↗
  11. Mintzes B, Tiefer L, Cosgrove L. Bremelanotide and flibanserin for low sexual desire in women: the fallacy of regulatory precedent. Drug Ther Bull. 2021;59(12):185-188. ↗
  12. Toledo RG, Winkelman WD, Reyes-Gonzalez D, Bergeron S, Fladger A, Hacker MR. Female Sexual Desire, Arousal, and Orgasmic Dysfunctions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Treatment Options. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2026. ↗
  13. Ashour AM. Clinical trial evidence on emerging pharmacological therapies for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women: a systematic review and analysis of completed studies registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. Front Med (Lausanne). 2026;13:1789809. ↗
  14. Cocchetti C, Ristori J, Mazzoli F, Vignozzi L, Maggi M, Fisher AD. Management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in transgender women: a guide for clinicians. Int J Impot Res. 2020. ↗
  15. Krupke H, Zoratto N, Rabut L, Gao D, Paunović N, Klein Cerrejon D. A biodegradable suction patch for sustainable transbuccal peptide delivery. J Control Release. 2025;383:113947. ↗